k3d deploys (multi-node) K3s clusters on a single Docker Host.
Basically you can create multi-node Kubernetes clusters, where each node is a single Docker container.
You have control-plane nodes (servers) and worker nodes (agents).
Servers run the control-plane components, e.g. etcd, controller-manager, etc..
(Though in K3s, all components are embedded in a single binary.)
The LoadBalancer (nginx-proxy) you see in the image is another container which is part of k3d (not K3s) and it helps to manage incoming connections in multi-node clusters.